D. Root Causes: History, Trade & Debt

D.1 Historical & Structural Roots

1. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation” — Acemoglu, Johnson & Robinson, American Economic Review (2001) — economics.mit.edu/sites/default/files/publications/colonial-origins-of-comparative-development.pdf
2. “Revisiting the Effect of Colonial Institutions on Comparative Economic Development” — peer-reviewed journal article — pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5421788/
3. “Takers Not Makers: The Unjust Poverty and Unearned Wealth of Colonialism” — Oxfam International (2025) — policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/takers-not-makers-621668/
4. “The history of the end of poverty has just begun” — Our World in Data (Max Roser) — ourworldindata.org/history-of-poverty-has-just-begun
5. “How do we know the history of extreme poverty?” — Our World in Data — ourworldindata.org/extreme-history-methods
6. “Institutions and prosperity: The 2024 Nobel laureates” — CEPR VoxEU column on Acemoglu/Johnson/Robinson’s research — cepr.org/voxeu/columns/institutions-and-prosperity-2024-nobel-laureates

D.2 Corporate Exploitation & Trade Barriers

1. The State of Tax Justice 2024 — Tax Justice Network, annual estimate of $492bn/year lost to profit shifting and tax havens — taxjustice.net/reports/the-state-of-tax-justice-2024/
2. “Base Erosion, Profit Shifting and Developing Countries” (IMF Working Paper WP/15/118) — Crivelli, De Mooij & Keen, IMF — imf.org/-/media/websites/imf/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/_wp15118.pdf
3. “UNCTAD: multinational tax avoidance costs developing countries $100 billion+” — Tax Justice Network — taxjustice.net/2015/03/26/unctad-multinational-tax-avoidance-costs-developing-countries-100-billion/
4. “Tariff escalation keeps developing economies from moving up global value chains” — UNCTAD news analysis — unctad.org/news/tariff-escalation-keeps-developing-economies-moving-global-value-chains
5. “UNCTAD: Escalating tariffs risk deepening trade divides for vulnerable economies” — UNCTAD — unctad.org/press-material/unctad-escalating-tariffs-risk-deepening-trade-divides-vulnerable-economies
6. “Overview of agricultural policies and support” (Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2025) — OECD, Producer Support Estimate data across 54 countries — oecd.org/en/publications/2025/10/agricultural-policy-monitoring-and-evaluation-2025_354e7040/full-report/overview-of-agricultural-policies-and-support_68470b91.html

D.3 Aid Dependency & Debt Traps

1. “The case for cash” — GiveWell Blog, the core evidence-based argument for cash transfers over in-kind aid — blog.givewell.org/2012/12/26/the-case-for-cash-2/
2. “Responses to objections on cash transfers” — GiveWell Blog, directly addresses the “dependency” objection — blog.givewell.org/2013/07/31/responses-to-objections-on-cash-transfers/
3. Dependency and Humanitarian Relief: A Critical Analysis (HPG Report 19) — Harvey & Lind, ODI (2005) — finds little evidence that relief undermines recipient initiative — media.odi.org/documents/335.pdf
D.4 Automation, AI Displacement & the Future of Work — tracks the evidence base behind Master Plan Section 4’s Regenerative Enterprise Model rationale
1. The Future of Jobs Report 2025 — World Economic Forum, the source of the 92 million displaced / 170 million created / net +78 million figures cited in the Master Plan — weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/