A. Foundations & Measurement
A.1 Understanding Multidimensional Poverty
“Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)” — Our World in Data, explainer with data — ourworldindata.org/multidimensional-poverty-index
“Global MPI” — Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), the index’s originating institution — ophi.org.uk/global-mpi
“What makes one poor — understanding the Multidimensional Poverty Index” — UNDP explainer — undp.org
“2025 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Overlapping Hardships — Poverty and Climate Hazards” — UNDP/OPHI 2025 flagship report — hdr.undp.org
“2024 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Poverty Amid Conflict” — UNDP full report PDF — undp.org
“Multidimensional Poverty Index” — Wikipedia, general overview with methodology history — en.wikipedia.org
A.2 Measuring Absolute vs. Relative Poverty
“Poverty” — Our World in Data, absolute vs. relative poverty lines explained with current data — ourworldindata.org/poverty
“Relative versus absolute poverty headcount ratios: the full breakdown” — World Bank Open Data blog — blogs.worldbank.org
“A new approach to global poverty: Measuring absolute and relative income” — VoxDev — voxdev.org
“Absolute and Relative Poverty Measurement” — World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 10008 — documents1.worldbank.org
A.3 Human Dignity & Wellbeing Frameworks
Development as Freedom — Amartya Sen (1999), Sen’s foundational text arguing development is the expansion of real freedoms/capabilities, not just income growth — archive.org
“The Capability Approach” — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, academic overview of Sen’s and Nussbaum’s capability frameworks — plato.stanford.edu/entries/capability-approach
“Human Rights and Human Capabilities” — Martha Nussbaum, Harvard Human Rights Journal, lays out Nussbaum’s ten central capabilities as a dignity-based threshold for justice — journals.law.harvard.edu
OECD Better Life Index — OECD, interactive tool comparing wellbeing across 80+ indicators by country — oecdbetterlifeindex.org
“What are HD & the CA?” — Human Development and Capability Association, plain-language explainer connecting capability theory to development practice — hd-ca.org
World Happiness Report 2025, “Caring and Sharing” — Gallup/UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, annual subjective-wellbeing rankings — worldhappiness.report
The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response (2018 ed.) — Sphere Association, the core dignity-centred humanitarian standard used across the aid sector — spherestandards.org